o| Vitamin | Scientific Name | Structure (Key Feature) | Sources | Functions | Deficiency |
| Vitamin A | Retinol | β-ionone ring + long isoprenoid chain | Fish liver oil, milk, egg, carrot, green leafy vegetables | Vision (rhodopsin), epithelial integrity, growth | Night blindness, xerophthalmia |
| Vitamin D | Calciferol (D₂/D₃) | Steroid nucleus | Sunlight, fish liver oil, egg yolk, butter | Calcium & phosphorus absorption, bone mineralization | Rickets (children), osteomalacia (adults) |
| Vitamin E | Tocopherol | Chromanol ring + phytyl side chain | Vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, wheat germ | Antioxidant, protects cell membranes | Hemolytic anemia (rare), neuromuscular defects |
| Vitamin K | Phylloquinone | Naphthoquinone ring | Green leafy vegetables, cabbage, gut bacteria | Blood clotting (Factors II, VII, IX, X) | Bleeding tendency, prolonged clotting time |
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